Dictionary is a book or electronic resource that lists the words of a language
(typically in alphabetical order) and gives their meaning, or gives the
equivalent words in a different language, often also providing
information about pronunciation, origin, and usage.
A broad distinction is made between general and specialized dictionaries.
Specialized dictionaries do not contain information about words that
are used in language for general purposes—words used by ordinary people
in everyday situations. Lexical items that describe concepts in specific
fields are usually called terms instead of words, although there is no
consensus whether lexicology and terminology are two different fields of study. In theory, general dictionaries are supposed to be semasiological, mapping word to definition, while specialized dictionaries are supposed to be onomasiological, first identifying concepts and then establishing the terms used to designate them. In practice, the two approaches are used for both types.There are other types of dictionaries that don't fit neatly in the above distinction, for instance bilingual (translation) dictionaries, dictionaries of synonyms (thesauri), or rhyming dictionaries. The word dictionary (unqualified) is usually understood to refer to a monolingual general-purpose dictionary.
A different dimension on which dictionaries (usually just general-purpose ones) are sometimes distinguished is whether they are prescriptive or descriptive, the latter being in theory largely based on linguistic corpus
studies—this is the case of most modern dictionaries. However, this
distinction cannot be upheld in the strictest sense. The choice of headwords
is considered itself of prescriptive nature; for instance, dictionaries
avoid having too many taboo words in that position. Stylistic
indications (e.g. ‘informal’ or ‘vulgar’) present in many modern
dictionaries is considered less than objectively descriptive as well.
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