CHAPTER I
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
TENSE
1.1 THE
USE OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
We use The Present Continuous Tense
when we talk about something which is happening at the
time of speaking.
Example : Please don’t make so much noise. I’m studying.
We also use The Present Continuous
Tense when we talk about something which is
happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time
of speaking.
Example : Silvia is learning English at the moment.
We often use the Present Continuous
when we talk about a period around the present.
Example :You’re working hard today. Yes, I have a
lot of to do
We use the present continuous when we talk about the changing situation.
Example : The population without jobs is increasing
very fast.
1.2. THE ADVERBS OF TIME USED
The
adverbs of time used in Present
Continous tense are “NOW, RIGHT NOW,
TOMORROW,ETC
1.3. THE PATTERN OF PRESENT
CONTINOUS TENSE
The patterns of Present continous
tense consist of :
1.3.A. Positive Pattern
|
S + am/is/are +
Verb 4…………………………………………….Now
|
S
+ sedang + 4……………………………………..sekarang
Examples :
1.
I am studying English now.
2.
We are going to Jakarta
tomorrow (akan)
3.
You are singing now.
4.
He is making a cake now.
5.
she is sewing a shirt now.
6.
They are playing football in
the field now.
7.
Tom and Ani are doing their
homework tomorrow.
8.
The students are doing sport
now.
1.3.b The Negative Pattern
|
S + am/is/are + Not + Verb
4…………………………………… Now
|
S + tidak sedang + 4 …………………………………….sekarang
Example :
1.
I am not studying now
2.
He is not sleeping now
3.
My father is not watching
television now.
4.
we aren’t going to Jakarta
Tomorrow.
1.3.c. The Interrogative Pattern
|
Am/Is/Are
+ S + Verb 4…………………………………………..Now?
|
Apakah + S + sedang + 4…………………………sekarang ?
Examples :
1.
Are you studying English now
? Yes, I am/ No, I am not
2.
Is he eating fried rice now?
Yes, he is/ No, he isn’t
3.
Is your father working in the
office now? Yes, He is/No, He isn’t
1.3.d. Question-word Pattern
|
QW + Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4…………………………………...Now?
|
QW + yang + S +
4……………………………………..sekarang?
Examples :
1.
what are you doing now ?
studying
2.
Where is he studying English
now ? at school
EXERCISE I :
Translate these sentences into English.
- Jack sedang tidur sekarang
- Mary sedang mengerjakan tugas itu
- Kami sedang menonton sebuah film di televisi
- Mereka sedang bermain bola di halaman sekarang
- Guru itu sedang menerangkan pelajaran itu.
- Perusahaan itu sedang tumbuh dengan pesat sekarang.
- Harga saham di bursa Efek Jakarta sedang naik sekarang
- Pak Adi sedang mengajar bahasa Inggris di kampus sekarang
- Polisi tersebut sedang mencari Ali sekarang.
- Ana, Ani, dan Tom sedang berdiskusi sekarang.
EXERCISE 2 : Change the following sentences into (+), (-), and (?)
1. They are speaking
English now.
2. We are not
reading now.
3. Is your mother
frying rice now? No, she isn’t.
4. What is your
father looking at now ? a picture.
5. He is watching
“Plan to kill” on TV now.
6. The teacher is
not explaining tenses to the students now.
7. Is Maradona
playing football in Argentina Now?
EXERCISE 3 : Write questions by using question words based
on the underlined words in the following sentences.
1. John is eating a plate of rice in the dining room
now.
2. The cat is eating fried chicken in the kitchen now.
3. Tom and Jerry are quarrelling about food now.
4. My father is teaching Biology
at school now.
EXERCISE 4 : Answer the following questions with your own words.
1. Are you studying
English now ?
2. Is your father
reading a newspaper now?
3. Is your mother
sewing a shirt now?
4. Are They singing
a song at home now?
5. Is Mr.Adi
teaching English at school now?
6. What is your
mother doing now?
7. What is your
brother doing now?
EXERCISE 5 : Write sentences by using the following verbs
Writing, speaking, sewing, growing,
discussing, doing, hunting, eating, drinking, dancing, singing, making,
building, teaching, explaining, talking,
watching, shopping, sleeping, typing, driving, riding, training, working
CHAPTER 2
PAST TENSE
2.1. The Use of Simple Past
Tense
We use the
past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past.
2.2.
The Adverbs of time used
The adverbs of time used in this tense
are Yesterday, last….., a week ago, this morning , last night, yesterday
morning, yesterweek, yestermonth, yesteryear, etc.
2.3.
The Patterns of Simple Past Tense
2.3.1. The Positive
Pattern
|
S + Verb 2…………………………………………………… Yesterday
|
S
+ 2…………………………………………………..
Examples :
1.
John saw a crocodile in the
river yesterday.
2.
We studied English here last week.
3.
They played football in the
field yesteryear
2.3.2. The Negative Pattern
|
S + didn’t + Verb 1……………………………………
……..Yesterday
|
S +
tidak + 1…………………………………kemarin
Examples :
1.
John didn’t see a crocodile in
the river yesterday.
2.
We didn’t study here last week.
3.
They didn’t play football in the
field yesteryear.
2.3.3. The Interrogative Pattern
|
Did
+ S + Verb 1……………………………………………..Yesterday?
|
Apakah + S +
1…………………………………………kemarin?
Examples:
1.
Did John see a crocodile in the
river yesterday ? Yes, he did/No, he didn’t
2.
Did you study here last week ?
Yes, we did/ No, we didn’t
3.
Did they play football in the
field yesteryear? Yes, they did/No, they didn’t
2.3.4. The Question-word Pattern
|
QW + did
+ S + Verb 1……………………………….………Yesterday?
|
Qw + yang + S + 1…………………………………….?
Examples:
1. What did John see in the river yesterday ? a
crocodile
2. When did John see
a crocodile in the river? yesterday
|
QW +
Verb 2……………………………….………Yesterday? S + did
|
QW + 2……………………………..?
Examples :
1. Who saw a
crocodile in the river yesterday ? John did
2. What grew in the
rice-field last year? A coconut tree did
EXERCISE I : Translate these sentences
into English !
- Kami menjual mobil kami kemarin
- Apakah kamu pergi ke luar tadi malam ?
- Dia tidak datang ke pesta itu minggu lalu
- Apakah kamu tidur nyenyak tadi malam ?
- Kami menjual rumah kami di Jakarta tahun lalu.
- Manajer pemasaran tersebut melakukan penelitian minggu lalu.
- Apakah perusahaan anda menjual kursi tahun lalu ? Ya.
- Kapan anda menjalankan usaha anda di Jakarta ? tahun lalu
- Siapa yang membuat kue itu kemarin ? ibu saya.
- Apa yang jatuh di jalan kemarin ? Tas saya.
EXERCISE II. Change the following
sentences into (+), (-), ( ?),
Present Continous Tense.
1.
3. PRESENT FUTURE TENSE
We often use will
in this situation:
Offering to do something:
e.g. That bag looks heavy. I’ll help with
it.
Agreeing and refusing to do something:
e.g. I’ve asked john to help me but he
won’t
Promising to do something.
e.g. I will come to your house tonight. I
promise.
Asking someone to do something.
Will you close the window, please!
The pattern :
|
S + will/shall + Verb 1……………………………………
Tomorrow
|
|
S + won’t/shan’t + Verb 1……………………
………… Tomorrow
|
|
Will/Shall + S + Verb 1…………………………………..
Tomorrow?
|
|
QW + will/shall + S + Verb 1…………………….………Tomorrow?
|
We often use will to be going to when
we say what we have already decided to do, what we intend to do in the future.
e.g. A:There’s a film on television
tonight. Are you going to watch it?
B: No, I am too tired. I am going to have an early night.
The pattern :
|
S + am/is/are + going to + Verb
1……………………………………
|
|
S +am/is/are + not + going to + Verb
1…………………… …………
|
|
Am/is/are + S + going to + Verb 1…………………………………..
.?
|
|
QW + am/is/are + S + going to + verb
1…………………………… ..?
|
4. PRESENT TENSE
Present Tense is used to talk about something in general.
And it is also used to talk about something which is happened repeatedly or habitually
activities.
e.g. + The earth goes round the sun
- The earth doesn’t go round the sun
? Does the earth go round the sun
?
+ I
get up at 8 o’clock every morning
- I
don’t get up at 8 o’clock every morning
? Do
you get up at 8 o’clock very morning?
The pattern :
|
S +
Verb 1 (s/es)…………………………………… Everyday/today
|
|
S + don’t/doesn’t + Verb 1……………………
……Everyday/today
|
|
Do/Does + S + Verb
1………………………………Everyday/today?
|
|
QW + Do/does + S + Verb 1…………………….…Everyday/today?
|
We use the present simple when we say how often we do things:
e.g. How often do you go to the dentist ?
Mary doesn’t often
drink tea.
5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use past continuous Tense to say that someone
was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation
had already started before this time but hadn’t finished:
This time last year I was living in Brazil
We often use the past continuous Tense and the past
simple together to say that something happened in the middle of something else:
When I was working in the garden, I
hurt my back.
The pattern :
|
S +
was/were + verb 4………………….When + s + Verb 2…….……
|
|
S + was/were + not + Verb 4…………….When + s
+ Verb 2…………
|
|
Was/were + S + verb 4…………………. When + s +
Verb 2 ……. ….?
|
|
QW + was/were + S + verb 4……………When + s +
Verb 2 …………?
|
e.g. + She was cooking rice
when Tom came yesterday
- She wasn’t cooking rice when Tom came
yesterday
? Was she cooking rice when Tom came yesterday
?
6. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
We often use the
present perfect Tense to give new information or to announce recent
happening:
e.g. Do you know
about Mary ? She’s gone to Jakarta.
We can use the
Present Perfect Tense with already to say that something has happened
sooner than expected :
e.g. Don’t
forget to post this letter, will you? I’ve already posted it.
We can use the Present Perfect Tense with just
(= a short time ago)
e.g. Would you
like something to eat? ‘No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch’.
We talk about a
period of time that continuous up to the present, we use the present
perfect.
e.g. Dave: Have
you travelled a lot, Nora?
Nora: Yes, I have been to 47 different
countries.
We often use ever
and never with the present perfect:
e.g. have you ever
eaten caviar?
We have never had a car.
We have to use
present perfect Tense with This is the first time…, It the first time…
e.g. This is
the first time he has driven a car.
(not drives)
We often use the
present perfect with yet. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting
something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative
sentences: e.g. Has it stopped raining yet ? (not ‘did it stop’).
The pattern:
|
S + have/has + verb 3……………………….etc
|
|
S + haven’t/hasn’t + Verb 3…………….….etc
|
|
Have/has + S + verb 3………………….. ….etc?
|
|
QW + have/has + S + verb 3………………..etc?
|
7. PAST PERFECT TENSE
We use the Past
perfect to say that something had already happened before this time :
Example :
-
When I
arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home
-
When I
got home, I found that someone had broken into my flat and had stolen my fur
coat.
-
George
didn’t want to come to the cinema with us because he had already seen the film
twice.
-
It was
my first time in an airplane. I was very nervous because I hadn’t flown before.
The pattern:
|
S + had + verb 3…………when/before S + V2
|
|
S + hadn’t + Verb 3……… when/before S + V2
|
|
Had + S + verb 3………… when/before S + V2 ?
|
|
QW + had + S + verb 3……… when/before S + V2 ?
|
Translate
these sentences into English !
1. Rumah itu sangat sunyi ketika saya tiba.
Semua orang sudah pergi tidur.
2. Saya merasa sangat lelah ketika saya
pulang, jadi saya langsung pergi tidur
3. Saya tidak lapar, saya baru saja makan
siang.
4.
To tidak bearada di rumah ketika saya tiba. Dia baru saja
keluar.
8. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
|
S + have/has + been + verb 4…………etc
|
|
S + haven’t/hasn’t + been + verb 4……etc
|
|
Have/has + S + been + verb 4……….etc ?
|
|
QW + have/has + S + been + verb 4…etc ?
|
Example :
-
Pelajar pelajar tengah menyanyi sejak pagi ini
+ The students have been singing since this
morning
-
The students
haven’t been singing since this morning
?
Have the students been singing since this morning ?
Translate these sentences into English !
1.
Hari sudah hujan selama dua jam
2.
Berapa lama kamu sudah belajar bahasa
inggris ?
3.
Saya sudah menonton acara TV tersebut sejak dua jam
4.
Dia (pr) sudah bermain tenis sejak dia
berumur 8 tahun
5.
Berapa lama kamu suah merokok ?
6.
Mereka sudah bermain PS selama tiga jam
9. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
|
S + had been + verb 4…………when S + V2
|
|
S + hadn’t been + Verb 4……… when S + V2
|
|
Had + S + been + verb 4………… when S + V2 ?
|
|
QW + had + S + been + verb 4……… when S + V2 ?
|
Example :
-
Mereka
tengah mengerjakan PR ketika saya datang kemarin
+
They had been doing the homework when I came yesterday
-
They
hadn’t been doing the homework when I came yesterday
? Had they
been doing the homework when I came yesterday ?
Translate these sentences into
English !
1.
Mereka sudah bermain bola selama satu jam ketika ada petir
yang menakutkan
2.
Ken sudah merokok selama 30 tahun ketika akhirnya dia
berhenti
3.
Orkestra itu sudah bermain
selama sepuluh menit ketika seorang laki laki berteriak
4.
Saya sudah mengetik
selama tiga puluh menit ketika listrik itu padam
5.
Mereka sudah tidur selama 6 jam ketika kebakaran itu terjadi
10. PRESENT FUTURE CONTINUOUS
TENSE
|
S + will be + Verb 4 + O +
at…………..o’clock
|
|
S + won’t be + Verb 4 + O +
at………..o’clock
|
|
Will + S + be + Verb 4 + O +
at……….o’clock ?
|
|
QW + will + S + be +Verb 4…………o’clock ?
|
Example :
-
Kamu sedang
akan pergi ke sekolah pukul 7 besok pagi
+ You
will be going to school at seven o’clock tomorrow morning
- You won’t be going to school at seven o’clock
tomorrow morning
? Will you be going to school at seven o’clock
tomorrow morning ?
Translate these sentences into
English !
1.
George sedang akan meninggalkan Indonesia pada pukul 9 besok
pagi
2.
Saya sedang akan menyelesaikan PR itu sore nanti
3.
Dia (pr) sedang akan menonton acara di
stadion tersebut nanti malam
4.
Mereka sedang akan makan malam di
restauran itu nanti malam
5.
Para karyawan sedang akan menyelesaikan
pekerjaan itu pukul 9 nanti malam
11. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
|
S + will have + verb 3 + ……….by the end……
|
|
S + won’t have + Verb 3 + ………..by the
end….
|
|
Will + S + have + Verb 3 + ………by the end…. ?
|
|
QW + will + S + have +Verb 3 +…………by the
end… ?
|
Example :
-
Kita sudah
akan tiba di Jakarta besok sore.
+
We will have arrived in Jakarta
tomorrow afternoon
-
We
won’t have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow
afternoon
?
Will we have arrived in Jakarta
tomorrow afternoon ?
Translate these sentences into
English !
1.
John sudah akan selesai mengerjakan pekerjaanya menjelang
akhir minggu ini
2.
Menjelang minggu depan saya akan selesai membaca buku ini
3.
Menjelang bulan depan
dia akan membayar hutangnya
4.
Kami sudah akan mendapat rumah baru menjelang akhir tahun ini
12. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
|
S + will have been + verb 4………since……….
|
|
S + won’t have been + verb 4…….since……….
|
|
Will + S + have been + verb 4……since……….?
|
|
QW + will + S + have been + verb
4….since…..?
|
Example :
-
Mereka
tengah akan belajar sejak pagi besok
+
They will have been studying since this morning
- They won’t have been studying since this morning
? Will they
have been studying since this morning ?
Translate these sentences into
English !
1.
Menjelang akhir tahun ini kami akan sudah mempelajari bahasa
inggris selama tiga tahun
2.
Menjelang hari natal saya akan sudah bekerja di kantor ini
selama lima tahun
3.
Menjelang liburan sekolah ini saya sudah mengikuti tes selama
5 kali
4.
Menjelang hari raya idul fitri saya
sudah akan dua kali pulang ke desa
13. PAST FUTURE TENSE
|
S + would + V1…IF + S + verb 2………….etc
|
|
S + wouldn’t + verb 1….+ object…………..etc
|
|
Would + S + verb 1 ….+ object ……….…..etc ?
|
Example :
1. Saya akan datang ANDAIKATA kamu
mengundang saya
I would come if you
invited me
2. Tom akan melakukan perjalanan
JIKAdia punya uang
Tom would travel if he had
more money
Exercise : Translate these sentences
into English!
1.
Jika saya jadi kamu, saya tidak akan membeli rumah itu
2.
Saya akan keluar jika hari tidak hujan
3.
Jika saya kaya, saya akan membeli sebuah villa
4.
Jika saya dapat berbicara bahasa inggris, saya akan pergi
keluar negeri
5.
Saya tidak akan keberatan
tinggal di Amerika jika cuacanya bagus
14. PAST FUTURE CINTINUOUS TENSE
|
S + would be + Verb 4……when S + verb
2……….etc
|
|
S + wouldn’t + be + verb 4….when S + verb
2………etc
|
|
Would + S + be + verb 4 ….. when S + verb 2……etc ?
|
Example :
-
Sedianya
mereka sedang akan
pulang KETIKA kami datang
+ They
would be going home when we came
-
They
wouldn’t be going home when we came
?
Would they be going home when we came ?
Translate these sentences into
English !
1.
Saya akan sedang menempuh ujian hari berikutnya pada waktu
itu
2.
Kami akan sedang membangun rumah itu pada waktu itu
3.
Mereka sedang akan bermain babak kedua pada pertandingan
sepakbola waktu itu.
15. PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
|
S + would have + verb 3…..IF + S + had +
verb 3…….
|
|
S + wouldn’t have + verb 3 ……object………..etc
|
|
Would + S + have + verb 3
…….object………..etc ?
|
Example :
-
Ia sudah akan menjadi presiden ANDAIKATA partainya
menang dalam pemilihan umum.
-
He would have become a presiden if his party had won in
general election
Exercise :
Translate these sentences into English!
1.
Jika saya telah mengetahui bahwa kamu sakit, saya akan
menemuimu
2.
Tom tidak akan
mengikuti ujian itu jika dia mengetahui bahwa soalnya akan begitu sulit.
3.
Jika saya berjumpa dengan mu, saya akan mengatakan hello
4.
Jika saya telah mengumpulakan uang, saya akan menikahi mu
5.
Saya akan mengirim surat ini jika kamu telah selesai
membuatmya
16. PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
|
S + would have + been + verb 4…..IF + S +
had + verb 3…….
|
|
S + wouldn’t
have been + verb 4…….object…………etc
|
|
Would + S + have been + verb 4.. …….object………..etc ?
|
Example :
-
Sedianya rapat tengah
akan dimulai sejak pagi ANDAIKATA walikota sudah datang tepat pada
waktunya
-
The meeting would have been starting since this morning if
Mayor had come on time.
Exercise :
Translate these sentences into English!
1.
Sedianya concert itu tengah akan dimulai andaikata artis
artis itu datang pada waktunya.
2.
Sedianya saya tengah akan tidur andaikata mereka belum datang
3.
Andaikata ayah saya telah selesai berbelanja, ibu saya akan
memasak makanan itu
17.
Abbreviation (singkatan)
1. I am = I’m
2. You are = You’re
3. We are = We’re
4. They are
= They’re
5. He is = He’s
6. She is = She’s
7. It is = It’s
8. Will not = won’t
9. Would not = Wouldn’t
10. Do not = Don’t
11. Does not = Doesn’t
12. Did not = Didn’t
13. Is not = Isn’t
14. Are not = Aren’t
15. Was not = Wasn’t
16. Were not = Weren’t
17. Have not = Haven’t
18. Has not = Hasn’t
19. Had not = Hadn’t
20. Can not = Can’t
21. Could not = Couldn’t
22. Must not = Mustn’t
23. Should not = Shouldn’t
24. Might not = Mightn’t
25. May not
= Mayn’t
18. PASSIVE
VOICE (IN POSITIVE FORM)
Penjelasan:
1.
Kalimat
pasif ialah suatu kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai oleh suatu perbuatan atau yang
predikatnya berawalan di…/ ter…
2.
Kata
kerja yang digunakan harus kata kerja transitive, yaitu kata kerja yang bisa
diikuti oleh suatu objek atau benda.
3.
Rumus
kalimat pasif dalam bahasa inggris
adalah sebagai berikut:
|
S + To be + V3…………………………………by…
|
4.
To be
berfungsi untuk menentukan Tenses dari suatu kalimat dan untuk membentuk awalan : di….atau: ter…
5.
To be
dapat dijabarkan dalam 16 Tenses (lihatlah 16 Tenses pada rumus kalimat aktif)
Pelajarilah Rumus dibawah ini :
1.
Present
Future Tense: S + will be + V3…by…
2.
Present
Future Continuous Tense: S + will be + being + V3…by…
3.
Present
Future Perfect Tense: S + will have been + V3
4.
Present
Future Perfect Continuous Tense: S + will have been + being + V3….
5.
Simple
Present Tense: S + am/is/are + V3…
6.
Present
Continuous Tense: S + am/is/are + being +V3…
7.
Present
Perfect Tense: S + have/has + been + V3
8.
Present
Perfect Continuous Tense: S + have been/has been +being +V3…
9.
Past
Perfect Tense: S + had been +V3…
10. Past Perfect Continuous Tense: S + had been
+ being + V3…
11. Simple Past Tense: S + Was/were + V3…
12. Past Continuous Tense: S + was/were + being
+ V3…
13. Past Future Tense: S + would be + V3…
14. Past Future Continuous Tense: S + would be
being +V3…
15. Past Future Perfect Tense: S + would have
been + V3…
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense: S +
would have been + being + V3…
Penjelasan :
1.
Kata
kerja yang dipakai dalam kalimat pasif ialah V3 (bukan V1, V2, V4)
2.
Tenses
dalam kalimat pasifditentukan aleh bentuk To be nya
3.
TO BE
bisa terdiri dari:
a.
Satu
kata saja (am/is/are/was/were) lihat nomor 5 dan 11.
b.
Dua
kata(will be,have been, has been, had been, would be) lihat nomor1, 7, 9,
13. (am being-is being-are being-was
being-were being) no. 6 dan no. 12.
c.
Tiga
kata (will be being, will have been, have been being, has been being, had been
being, would be being and would have been) lihat nomor 2, 3, 8, 10, 14 dan 15.
d.
Empat
kata (will have been being dan would have been being ) no. 4 dan 16.
4.
Being
dalam kalimat pasif menunjukan: Continuous.
19. PASSIVE – VOICE IN NEGATIVE FORM
1.
|
=
S tak akan di…………………
Example : Engkau tak akan
dimarahi olehnya.
2.
|
=
S tidak sedang akan di……….
Example : Rapat tidak sedang
akan dimulai oleh mereka pukul 9 besok pagi.
3.
|
=
S belum akan di…………
Example : Nasi belum akan dimasak olehnya
sore ini
4.
|
Example
: Rumah itu belum lagi akan disita oleh Bank pada akhir tahun ini.
5.
|
Example : Pengacau-pengacau itu tidak
dikenakan hukuman oleh Hakim.
6.
|
Example : Mobil saya tidak sedang
direparasi sekarang
7.
|
Example
: Saya belum diajak dalam percakapan bahasa Inggris oleh kawan-kawan saya.
8.
|
Example
: Korupsi masih belum diberantas oleh pemerintah sejak bertahun-tahun yang
lalu.
9.
|
Example :
Tomy belum dituduh sebagai penghianat, sebelum Jaksa Agung terbunuh.
10.
|
Example
: Buchary masih belum dicalonkan Walikota, ketika otonomi dilimpahkan
ke-propinsi.
11.
|
Example :
Tindakan keras tidak dilakukan oleh pemerintah terhadap para koruptor.
12.
|
Example : Pasien tidak sedang
dioperasi ketika ia meninggal kemarin.
·
No. 13
s/d No. 16, hanya menambahkan kata Not, pada kata bantu yang pertama.
Lihat
pada 16 Tenses kalimat pasip bentuk berita.
Note : Keterangan pelaku (by me, by us, by him, dst) dan keterangan waktu,
bisa dipakai bila diperlukan. Tergantung kepada : kondisi dan situasi dari tiap kalimat
yang diucapkan.
20. PASSIVE
VOICE IN INTERROGATIVE
1.
|
=
Yes/No,………
Example
: Apakah Bahasa Inggris akan dipakai di Pontianak ?
When
+ ……………………………… ? = Few years from now.
2.
|
=
Yes/No,………………...
Example
: Apakah rapat sedang akan diadakan pukul 9 besok ?
What
time + ………………... ? = At 9 o’clock.
3.
|
=
Yes/No,………………...
Example
: Apakah pekerjaanmu sudah akan diselesaikan sore ini ?
What
+ …………………….. ? = Your job.
4.
|
=
Yes/No,……………….
Example
: Apakah norma-norma hukum tengah akan diberlakukan sesudah negara bangkrut ?
Why
+ …………………………... ? = Because none is hones in government.
5.
|
=
Yes/No,………………
Example
: Apakah saya diminta untuk menemani kamu ?
By whom +
…………………………. ? = By our director.
6.
|
=
Yes/No,………………...
Example
: Apakah penari-penari itu sedang dijemput sekarang ?
Where +
……………………. ? = At the airport.
7.
|
=
Yes/No,………………...
Example
: Sudahkah tiket-tiket itu dibeli olehmu ?
How many tickets + ……….. ? = 5
tickets
8.
|
=
Yes/No,………………
Example
: Apakah Budi tengah diopname di rumah sakit ?
How long + …………………. ? = For
3 days.
9.
|
=
Yes/No,………………
Example :
Apakah perampok-perampok itu sudah tertembak dikakinya sebelum mereka
menyerahkan diri ?
Who
+ ………………… ? = The robbers.
10.
|
=
Yes/No,………………
Example
: Apakah ia tengah diperbantukan sebelum kepada Departemen Pendidikan sebelum
ia menjadi Menteri ?
How
long + …………………. ? = More than 3 year.
11.
|
=
Yes/No,………………
Example :
Apakah masalah Tomy dibicarakan di DPR ?
What
+ ………………………. ? = Tomy’s problem.
12.
|
=
Yes/No,………………
Example
: Apakah proyek perumahan sedang direncanakan di kota ini ketika saya ada di
luar negeri tahun lalu ?
By
whom + ………………… ? = By the mayor.
13. Past Future Tense : Hanya mengubah : Will dengan Would dan keterangan waktu
14. Past Future Continuous Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang
sendiri)
15.
Past
Future Perfect Tense :
sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendri)
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendiri)
21. CAUSATIVE Dengan HAVE
Dan GET
Fungsi : I. Menyuruh sesorang untuk mengerjakan sesuatu.
II. Menyuruh agar sesuatu dikerjakan oleh orang lain.
Bandingkanlah
kalimat-kalimat berikut:
1.
Tono mengecat rumahnya hari
ini.
2.
Rumah Tono dicat sendiri
olehnya.
3.
Tono menyuruh tukang cat
mengecatkan rumahnya.
4.
Tono mengecatkan rumahnya.
Rumus-Rumus Causative:
|
A.
Eg: 1. He has a mechanic repair his car today
2. He will have a mechanic repair his car tomorrow
3. He is having a mechanic ………etc now
|
B.
Eg: 1. I had my tooth pulled out yesterday
2. Ali has had his hair cut since yesterday
Note : Perubahan
Tenses hanya terjadi pada kata kerja to have.
(have (has) – had – had – having)
|
C.
Eg : 1. He will get me to help him tomorrow
2. He doesn’t get me to come to his house today
3. He has get me to bring a dictionary
|
D.
Eg : 1. The girl gets her face made up (dihias)
2. I won’t get my hair cut short.
3. Budi is getting his tooth pulled out now
|
THE 16 TENSES
Perhatikan perubahan
yang terjadi dari Rumus umum ke – TENSES TERTENTU:
|
- S + will + have + S.O + V1 + …
- S + will + have had + S.O + V1 + …
- S + have (has) + S.O + V1 + …
- S + had + S.O + V1 + …
- S + have + had + S.O + V1 + …
has
- S + had + had + S.O + V1 + …
- S + will be + having + S.O + V1 + …
- S + will + have been + having + S.O + V1 + …
- S + (am, is, are) + V4 + S.O + V1 + …
- S + (was, were) + V4 + S.O + V1 + …
- S + (have been/has been) + having + S.O + V1 + …
- S + had been + having + S.O + V1 + …
- S + would + have + S.O + V1 + …
- S + would be + having + S.O + V1 + …
- S + would + have had + S.O + V1 + …
- S + would + have been + having + S.O + …
RENUNGKAN:
1.
to have, adalah bentuk :
Infinitive (=kata kerja pokok) yang berubah menurut Tenses tertentu. (dilahat
16 Tenses diatas).
- S.O = Some One = adalah Object, dan bukan Subjek.
Jadi: S.O, bisa menjadi = me, you, him, her, us, them.
One’s = bisa menjadi : my, your, his, her, our, dsb
S = (Subjek), seperti: I, You, He, She, We They, It, dan benda-benda
lainnya. (T.V, Radio, Weather, the wind).
- V1, dalam rumus diatas tidak berubah dalam segala bentuk kalimat dan bentuk Tenses apapun. V1, tetap V1, tidak ada perubahan.
V1 V2 V3 V4
have had had having
PATTERN EXERCISE:
TASK : Make
free statements according to the PATTERNS (rumus) below:
|
A. 1.
Eg :
…………………………………………
|
2.
Eg : …………………………………………
|
3.
Eg : When …………………………………………..
|
4.
Eg : Who has ………………………………
|
5.
= suruhlah ……!
Eg : ……………………………………
|
B. 1.
Saya tidak akan mengecatkan rumahku.
=
…………………………………………
|
2.
Apakah Budi mereparasikan mobilnya hari ini ?
= ………………………………………………... ?
|
3.
Dimana Evi mencabutkan giginya kemarin
= …………………………………………….
|
Siapa yang akan berpoto ?
=
Who will have one’s picture taken ?
One’s picture = seseorang yang belum diketahui.
LIST OF TRANSITIVE – VERB
|
No
|
Infinitive
(Kata Dasar)
V1
|
Past Tense
V2
|
Past Participle
V3
|
Present Participle
V4
|
The Meaning in Indonesian:
|
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
|
to do
to have
to tell
to own
to read
to write
to listen
to speak
to say
to ask
to answer
to borrow
to lend
to give
to send
to repeat
to buy
to sell
to present
to wait (for)
to see
to visit
to invite
to reject
to refuse
to inprove
to avoid
to deny
to arrange
to plan
to make
to build
to burry
to scold
to rebuke
to bribe
to attack
to defend
to enforce
to learn
to study
to copy
to compose
to review
to interview
to repair
to know
to understand
to take
to eat
to drink
to substitute
to succeed
to devide
to nominate
to cook
to receive
to believe
to agree
to disagree
to propose
to oppose
to predict
to let
to put
to cut
to continue
to draw
to think
to express
to prove
to remember
to remind
to warn
to memorize
to forget
to admire
to praise
to insult
to submit
to report
to open
to shut
to close
to mark
to weigh
to measure
to evaluate
to taste
to hold
to touch
to teach
to return
to reply
to pay
to calculate
to throw
to hit
to beat
to bite
to hide
to serve
to explain
to interpret
to predict
to activate
to motivate
|
did
had
told
owned
read
wrote
listened
spoke
said
asked
answered
borrowed
lent
gave
sent
repeated
bought
sold
presented
waited
saw
visited
invited
rejected
refused
improved
avoided
denied
arranged
planned
made
buit
burried
scolded
rebuked
bribed
attacked
defended
enforced
learnt
studied
copied
composed
reviewed
intervived
repaired
knew
understood
took
ate
drank
~d
~ed
~d
~d
~ed
~d
~d
~d
~d
~d
~d
~ed
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
drew
thought
~ed
~d
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
forgot
~d
~d
~ed
~ted
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
~ed
~ed
~d
~d
~d
held
~ed
taught
~ed
replied
~ed
~d
threw
~ed
~ed
bit
hid
~d
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
~d
|
done
had
told
owned
read
written
~ed
spoken
said
~ed
~ed
~ed
lent
given
sent
~ed
bought
sold
~ed
~ed
seen
~ed
~ed
~ed
~ed
~ed
~ed
denied
~ed
~ned
made
built
burried
~ed
~d
~d
~ed
~ed
~d
learnt
studied
copied
~d
~ed
~ed
~ed
known
understood
taken
eaten
drunk
~d
~d
~d
~d
~ed
~d
~d
~d
~d
~d
~d
~ed
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
drawn
thought
~ed
~d
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
forgotten
~d
~d
~ed
~ted
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
~ed
~ed
~d
~d
~d
held
~ed
taught
~ed
replied
~ed
~d
thrown
~ed
~ed
beaten
hid
~d
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
~d
|
~ing
having
~ing
~ing
~ing
writing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
giving
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
inviting
~ing
refusing
improving
~ing
~ing
arranging
~ing
making
~ing
~ing
~ing
rebuking
bribing
~ing
~ing
enforcing
~ing
~ing
~ing
composing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
taking
~ing
~ing
subtituting
~ing
dividing
nominating
~ing
receiving
believing
~ing
~ing
proposing
opposing
~ing
~ting
~ting
~ting
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
proving
~ing
~ing
~ing
memorizing
~ting
admiring
praising
~ing
~ting
~ing
~ing
~ting
closing
~ing
~ing
measuring
evaluating
tasting
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
calculating
~ing
~ting
~ing
~ing
hiding
serving
~ing
~ing
~ing
activating
motivating
|
mengerjkan, melakukan.
mempunyai
mengatakan, menceritakan, menyuruh.
memiliki
membaca
menulis
mendengarkan
berbicara, pandai berbahasa
berkata, mengatakan
bertanya, meminta, menyuruh
menjawab
meminjam (dari)
meminjamkan (kepada)
memberi (kan)
mengirim, menyuruh
mengulang
membeli
menjual
menyajikan (cerita, materi)
menunggu
melihat, bertemu, berkenalan
mengunjungi
mengundang, mengajak
menolak
menolak (tawaran, ajakan)
memperbaiki, meningkatkan
menghindari (kan)
menyangkal, mambantah
menyusun, mengatur, merencanakan
merencanakan
membuat, menyebabkan
membangun, mendirikan
menguburkan
memarahi
memarahi
menyuap, menyogok
menyerang
mempertahankan
memaksa, memberlakukan
belajar
mempelajari
menyalin
menyusun, mengarang
mengulang kembali
mewawancarai
mereparasi
mengetahui, tahu, kenal
mengerti
mengambil, mengantarkan
makan
minum
mengganti
berhasil, menggantikan
membagi
mencalonkan
memasak
menerima
percaya
setuju
tidak setuju
mengusulkan
menentang, melawan
meramalkan
membiarkan, mengijinkan
meletakkan
memotong
meneruskan, melanjutkan
menggambar, menarik
berpikir, berpendapat
menyatakan, mengutarakan
membuktikan
ingat
mengingatkan
memperingatkan
mengingat-ingat, menghafal
melupakan
mengagumi, memuji
memuji
menghina
menyerahkan
melaporkan
membuka
menutup
menutup
manandai, memberi tanda
menimbang
mengukur
mengevaluasi
mencicipi, merasa (dengan
lidah)
memegang, mengadakan
menyentuh, meraba
mengajar
mengembalikan
menjawab
membayar
menghitung
melempar
memukul
memukul
menggigit
bersembunyi
melayani, menghidangkan
menerangkan
menafsirkan
meramalkan
mengaktifkan, menggiatkan
memotivasi, menggerakan
|
|
Note : tanda ~ (tilde), ialah tanda yang berarti
Kata Dasar (Infinitive)
Contoh :
to work ……~ ed = worked // ~ ing = working, dst.
“to” pada
Infinitive, tidak dipakai sebagai predikat dalam suatu kalimat (Lihat
Rumus)
|
|||||
REFERENCES
_______________.
2008. Grammar in 15 Minutes a Day: Junior Skill Builders. Learning Express
Newyork. ISBN: 978-1-57685-662-8
Celce-Murcia,
Marianne & Larsen-Freeman, Diane.1983. The Grammar Book: An ESL/ EFL
Teacher’s Course. Heinle & Heinle Publishers.
C. Richards,
Jack and Schmidt, Richard with Heidi Kendricks and Youngkyu Kim. 2002. Longman
Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics: Third Edition. Pearson
Education
Clarke, Heather.
1994. Guide to English Grammar. Oxford University Press
Dykes,
Barbara. 2007. Grammar for Everyone: Practical tools for learning and teaching
grammar. Acer Press.
Ehrlich,
Eugene & Murphy, Daniel. 1991. English Grammar: Second Edition. The McGraw
Hill Company.
J.Young,
David. 1984. Introducing English Grammar. Routledge London and Newyork.
Jackson,
Howard. 2005. Good Grammar for Students. Sage Publications
Leech,
Geoffrey & Svartvik, Jan. 2000. A Communicative Grammar of English: Third
Edition. Longman.
Leech,
Geoffrey. 2006. A Glossary of English Grammar. Edinburgh University Press Ltd.
Penston,
Tony. 2005. A concise Grammar for English Language Teachers. TP Publications
Radford,
Andrew. 2009. English Sentence Structure. Cambridge University Press
Rollason,
Jane. 2006. Timeserver: 50 Mixed-ability Grammar Lessons for Elementary –
Intermediate Level. Scholastic Press.
S, Gabriele.
2008. Just Enough: English Grammar.
The McGraw Hill Company.
Schrampfer
Azar, Betty. 2002. Understanding and Using English Grammar: Third Edition.
Longman
Swan,
Michael & Walter, Catherine. 2000. How English Works: a grammar practice
book. Oxford University Press.
Swick, ed.
2009. English Sentence Builder. The McGraw Hill Company.
Swick, ED.
2010. English Verbs and Essentials of Grammar: for ESL Learners. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
No comments:
Post a Comment