Thursday, 27 November 2014

Abbreviations & Word Types




Code    English explanation        Indonesian explanation

ab.     abbreviation               abreviasi; singkatan; kependekan
adj.    adjective                  kata sifat; adjektif
adv.    adverb                     kata keterangan; kata tambahan
article article                    kata sandang
base    base word                  kata alas
conj.   conjunction                konjungsi; kata hubung
cont.   contraction                singkatan
inter.  interjection               interjeksi; kata seru
n.      noun                       nomina; kata benda
n.pl    plural noun                kata benda, plural
neg.    negation                   negasi
prefix  prefix                     prefiks; awalan
pron.   pronoun                    kata ganti benda; pronomina
ques.   question                   kata masalah
var.    various                    penggunaan beragam
v.      verb (active voice)        kata kerja, kalimat aktif
v.pass. verb (passive voice)       kata kerja, kalimat pasif
v.3ps   verb 3rd-person singular   kata kerja ketiga tunggal 
v.pt.   verb (past tense)          bentuk kata kerja yang menunjukkan
                                   bahwa peristiwanya berlaku pada masa
                                   lalu



    Eric Partridge made a deep and enduring contribution to the study and understanding of slang. In the eight editions of The Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English published between 1937 and 1984, Partridge recorded and defined the slang and unconventional English of Great Britain,
    His protocol for alphabetising was quirky. His dating was often problematic. His etymologies at times strayedfrom the plausible to the fanciful. His classification by register (slang, cant, jocular, vulgar, coarse, high, low, etc.) was intensely subjective and not particularly useful. Furthermore, his early decision to exclude American slang created increasingly difficult problems for him as the years passed and the influence of American slang grew. Lastly, Partridge grew to lose the ability to relate to the vocabulary he was recording. In 1937, Partridge was a man of his time, but the same could no longer be said in 1960.
There is a profound relationship between language and culture, and neither Partridge nor Paul Beale, editor of the 8th edition, seem to have assimilated the cultural changes that began at the end of World War 2. This left them without the cultural knowledge needed to understand the language that they were recording. Their lack of cultural understanding accelerated with time, and this is sadly reflected in the later entries. Beatniks and drug addicts, and their slang, baffled Partridge and Beale, who lacked either the personal experience or historical perspective needed to understand underlying countercultures.

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